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Preventing Child Abuse and Neglect in Family Child Care Settings

Abuse and neglect can happen anywhere. Unfortunately, this also includes child-development programs. This lesson will help you understand the risks of child abuse and neglect in family child care settings. It will also explain the protective factors that can help minimize the risk.

Objectives
  • Describe the importance of relationships in preventing child abuse and neglect.
  • Define institutional child abuse and neglect.
  • Explain the importance of protective factors in preventing child abuse and neglect in family child care programs.

Learn

Know

Think back to your childhood. Can you think of a time when you felt completely safe? Hold an image of the place or the experience in your mind. What do you see? What do you hear? What do you smell? What sensations do you feel? What emotions does it evoke? Who is there with you? What do they do to make you feel safe?

For some of us, this might be an easy exercise. Some childhoods were full of safe and happy memories from which to choose. For others of us, though, this exercise is challenging. There might be few times when we experienced a feeling of complete safety, and those times might be shaded by memories of uncomfortable or scary experiences or events. All of us, regardless of our backgrounds, likely feel a sense of gratitude toward those people who helped us feel safe.

There is a growing body of evidence that these moments, these relationships, these safe places where we feel loved and protected can make all the difference in our lives. Consider Sara’s story:

Sara’s Story

Sara is an amazing mom. She is incredibly bright, very reflective, and successful in her career. She is caring, loving, nurturing, responsive, and has a phenomenal relationship with her husband and children. She is the model of personal and professional success.

Sara had a traumatic childhood. Her mother was severely mentally ill, sometimes abusive, sometimes neglectful, sometimes not present, and often suicidal. Her father was violent toward her mother. They lived in extreme poverty. When asked how she has been able to do so well given her overwhelming history of trauma, her answer was, “No matter what I went through and no matter how awful it was sometimes, I know and felt how much my parents loved me. I knew that no matter how difficult life was for them, they wanted the best for me. They loved me as best they could, and they would do anything for me.”

Sara’s story reminds us of several important ideas. First, all parents love their children very much and are doing the best they can. This is important to remember when we begin working with families. Second, the parent–child bond is strong even in the most difficult relationships — children love their parents. Third, history is not destiny: children who were mistreated do not all grow up to abuse their own children. Fourth, unconditional love makes a big difference in a child’s life. It is easy to imagine that Sara probably also had many other people rooting for her and helping her succeed. Love from a parent is critical, but extended family, neighbors, teachers, social workers, and counselors can all contribute safe, stable, and nurturing relationships.

Clearly, relationships are the first and most important foundation in a child’s life. Sara had a relationship with her parents, but it is also likely that she had strong relationships with other adults around her: teachers, coaches, or neighbors. These relationships helped Sara bounce back from the challenges she encountered. You have an important opportunity to build secure relationships with the children in your care. These relationships help children look to you for protection and care. Children come to know that adults care about them and can meet their needs. Relationships also help you understand each child deeply and help you act in each child’s best interests. This includes taking important steps to prevent child abuse and neglect in your program.

Child abuse and neglect can be institutional as well as familial. This means child abuse and neglect can happen in your program or other programs children in your care attend. This lesson will review the concept of institutional abuse and neglect. The remaining lessons in this course will help you learn specific strategies for preventing child abuse and neglect in your program.

You will continue to have regular professional development on identifying and reporting child abuse and neglect throughout your career. Let’s just take a few moments to review the major definitions of child abuse and neglect.

What is Child Abuse and Neglect?

Federal law defines child abuse and neglect as:

Any recent act or failure to act on the part of a parent or caretaker which results in death, serious physical or emotional harm, sexual abuse, or exploitation, or an act or failure to act which presents an imminent risk of serious harm.

Source: Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act (CAPTA) Reauthorization Act of 2010 (P.L. 111-320), § 3.

According to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services , child abuse and neglect generally falls into one of these four categories:

Neglect

Neglect includes the failure to provide for a child's basic needs despite being financially able to do so. Neglect may be:

  • Physical, when an adult fails to provide necessary food, shelter, or appropriate supervision
  • Medical, when an adult fails to provide necessary medical or mental-health treatment
  • Educational, when an adult fails to educate a child or attend to special education needs
  • Emotional, when an adult fails to provide attention to a child's emotional needs, fails to provide psychological care, or permits the child to use alcohol or drugs

Physical Abuse

Physical Abuse is defined as the non-accidental use of physical force by a parent, caregiver, or other person responsible for a child. Physical abuse includes, but is not limited to :

  • Punching
  • Beating
  • Kicking
  • Biting
  • Shaking
  • Throwing
  • Stabbing
  • Choking
  • Hitting with an open hand or slapping
  • Scalding or burning
  • Poisoning
  • Dropping
  • Pushing or shoving
  • Pinching
  • Scratching
  • Grabbing or yanking limbs or body
  • Restraining or squeezing
  • Applying force to throat
  • Holding underwater
  • Any other action that intentionally causes physical harm

Physical abuse can include hitting with an object such as sticks, straps, belts, hangers, or electrical cords. Physical abuse can cause injuries that range from minor bruises to severe fractures or even death.

Emotional Abuse

Emotional abuse includes a pattern of behaviors that have a negative effect on the child's psychological well-being, including constant criticism, threats, and rejection as well as withholding love, support, or guidance. Emotional abuse may occur when a child is:

  • Ignored: An adult may not look at or respond to a child.
  • Rejected: An adult actively refuses a child by denying their needs or ridiculing them.
  • Isolated: A child is prevented from having interactions with peers, family members, or other adults.
  • Exploited or corrupted: A child is taught or encouraged to engage in illegal or inappropriate behaviors like stealing.
  • Verbally assaulted: An adult constantly belittles, shames, ridicules, or threatens a child.
  • Terrorized: An adult threatens or bullies the child and creates a climate of fear; the child or a loved one may be placed in a dangerous situation or threatened with harm.
  • Harmed or indicating that the caregiver will harm a person or that the child cares about
  • A witness or victim of domestic violence. Witnessing domestic violence can be auditory, visual, or inferred. Children who witness this can suffer severe emotional and developmental difficulties.

Sexual Abuse

Sexual abuse includes sexual activity toward or involving a child, and may include:

  • Fondling or groping a child's genitals
  • Making a child touch an adult's sexual organs
  • Penetration of any kind that does not have a valid medical purpose
  • Incest, rape, and sodomy
  • Exposing oneself to a child
  • Exposing children to pornographic material
  • Deliberately exposing a child to the act of sexual intercourse
  • Masturbating in front of a child
  • Having the child masturbate
  • Involving a child in prostitution
  • Involving a child in the production of any sexually explicit images
  • Coercion of a child to engage in, or assist any other person to engage in, sexual conduct

What Risk Factors are Associated With Abuse and Neglect?

Child abuse occurs across every ethnicity, culture, religion, socioeconomic group, and at all educational levels. Experts have identified common factors that may increase the risk of experiencing or perpetrating child abuse or neglect. These include:

  • Drug and alcohol abuse
  • Difficulties controlling emotions, words, or behaviors
  • Harsh approach to discipline
  • Mental health issues
  • Little knowledge of child development
  • History of maltreatment as a child

When a child is abused or neglected by a parent, guardian, or family member, it is called familial abuse. This type of abuse typically happens in the child’s home.

When a child is abused or neglected by someone else in a supervisory role (like a teacher, coach, or community member), it is called institutional or out-of-home abuse. You must be committed to making sure each and every child is safe while in your program. The remainder of this course will focus on ways to make sure children are never mistreated in your program or other programs they may attend. You will learn frameworks, strategies, and supports for helping to make this happen.

What is Institutional Abuse and Neglect?

Institutional abuse or neglect occurs outside the home in community or private settings. This type of abuse or neglect is also known as extra-familial abuse or neglect. This type of abuse typically involves a child and an adult in a supervisory role, like a teacher, caregiver, or volunteer.

How Can Child Abuse and Neglect be Prevented in Family Child Care Programs?

The lessons that follow in this course will describe specific strategies for preventing child abuse and neglect in your program. To begin this course, though, take a few moments to think about yourself and how you can get ready for the important work you will do with children. Think about how you will go about forming a bond with each child. Consider the following relationship-building strategies:

  • Spend time with each child. Enjoy social times together at the table, at the playground, and reading books. Be sure to give children lots of positive attention during these everyday routines. Laugh together.
  • Have conversations. Learn about each child’s interests. Talk about a child’s trip to Grandma’s house or his big sister’s soccer game. Talk to infants and copy the sounds they make.
  • Learn about the important people in each child’s life. Talk with family members. Learn about older or younger siblings.
  • Provide encouragement as children test their skills. Describe what you see them do (“You climbed all the way up the slide!”) and help them bounce back from challenges (“You worked really hard on that structure. Let’s try again.”)
  • Respond quickly when an infant cries. This helps a baby learn to trust that you will meet his or her needs. Quickly providing a diaper, a bottle, or a comforting hug helps an infant build trust in adults and in the world around.
  • Normalize feelings with children and model age-appropriate ways to respond (“It looks like you might be frustrated, let’s take a deep breath.”)

You have strengths you can draw upon to prevent child abuse and neglect. These are known as protective factors. You learned about the Strengthening Families Protective Factors Framework in the Child Abuse Identification and Reporting course. You can review the Protective Factors Framework by visiting https://cssp.org/our-work/projects/protective-factors-framework/. The table below provides an overview of the protective factors that are important in your work with families and, as you will learn, important in your own efforts to prevent child abuse and neglect in family child care settings.

Strengthening Families Protective Factors (Figure 1)

  1. Parental Resilience

    Families are able to manage stress and bounce back from challenges.

  2. Knowledge of Child Development and Parenting

    Adults know what to expect as children grow and are able to meet their child's needs at each stage of development.

  3. Social Connections

    Families know there are people who care about them and who they can call on for help.

  4. Concrete Supports in Times of Need

    Families can get the help they need when crises strike: food and shelter, medical and mental health services, social, legal, and educational resources.

  5. Social and Emotional Competence of Children

    Social and emotional development promotes healthy relationships with others. Children with strong relationships, who can regulate their own behavior, express their emotions, and relate to others are at lower risk of maltreatment.

The same protective factors that help families cope with challenges apply to all of us as adults. Let’s explore each of the protective factors and how they might apply to your work. This material has been adapted from the Preventing Child Maltreatment and Promoting Well-Being: A Network for Action 2013 Resource Guide by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.

  • Parental/Adult Resilience: We all need the ability to cope with the stresses of everyday life. The emotions you feel may make you feel less capable of doing your job. Stress reduces your capacity to think creatively, be patient, problem solve, and try new skills - all strategies that are necessary in early childhood care. Each one of us has strengths we can draw upon: faith, flexibility, humor, communication skills, problem-solving skills, mutually supportive caring relationships, or the ability to identify and access outside resources (https://www.childwelfare.gov/topics/preventing/). We can take the time to make sure we nurture and expand these strengths in ourselves and others.
  • Knowledge of Child Development and Parenting: It seems obvious, but understanding typical child development will help you do your job. Unrealistic expectations for children's behavior are major risk factors for child abuse and neglect. Make sure you know what to expect from the children in your care. In a stressful situation, this knowledge helps you remain calm, recognize child development in action, and understand what skills you can use to help the child develop next. It's also important that you continue to build your professional skills across your career. Seek out professional development and try new ideas that will keep your work fresh, exciting, and rewarding.
  • Social Connections: Research suggests that strong social connections promote health, wellness, and longevity. By creating or strengthening social relationships in your own life, you will be better able to do your job well.
  • Concrete Supports: We all need tools to help us do our jobs. It is OK — and important — to ask for help when it is needed. Talk to your family child care administrator about ways you can get new ideas for your program, individual children, or families. Also, remember that you are not immune to stress outside of work, too. You might be experiencing any number of stressors in your family life. Seek out and use community resources, whether it’s assistance with filing taxes, finding quality health care, or job assistance for a spouse or partner.
  • Social and Emotional Competence of Children: This is the foundation of the work we do every day in child development programs. You will learn much more about this topic in the Social & Emotional Development and Positive Guidance courses. For now, understand your role as one of promoting healthy relationships, communication skills, and self-expression.

See

What do programs that prevent child abuse and neglect look like? They promote the five protective factors. Here’s what you might see in a program that promotes the protective factors:

  • Facilitates friendships and mutual support for families. Your program should provide opportunities for families to interact and build relationships with one another.
  • Strengthens parenting. Everyone needs tips sometimes. Your program can offer families learning experiences right when they need them most. For example, depending on the ages of the children you serve, you could offer information on potty training, biting, kindergarten readiness, responding to tantrums, teaching children to be friends, and safely using Internet-connected devices.
  • Responds to family crises. When crises happen, families need to know there is somewhere they can go for support. You might not have all the answers, but you can help families connect with resources; know about local area resources (such as food banks, reduced-cost family counseling or medical facilities, or employment services) or how to connect with family advocacy services at your installation.
  • Links families to services and opportunities. You can connect families with parent support programs, mental health services, employment opportunities, and many other resources in our community. Communicating regularly with parents in your program can help determine if there are specific needs that aren’t being met and assist in linking families with community resources. Asking parents what supports they need instead of assuming what they need can build trust and strengthen the relationship between families and caregivers.
  • Facilitates children’s social and emotional development. This is the foundation of everything we do in family child care programs. You will learn more about how you can help children develop in this course and in the Social & Emotional Development course.
  • Observes and responds to early warning signs of abuse and neglect. If concerns are recognized early, you can help families build their own protective factors and get the help they need to prevent negative outcomes.
  • Values and supports parents. You can offer families leadership opportunities in your program, for example, helping to plan a field trip or a family potluck dinner. Be sure you talk to families every day and let them know that you recognize the trust they have placed in you.

Talk to your trainer, coach, family child administer or licensing agent about the supports you could offer in your family child care program or if you have any concerns about a family. Watch this video to learn more about the Protective Factors Framework.

Program Practices that Promote Protective Factors

Learn about the program practices that promote protective factors.

Do

Throughout your work with children, you should prioritize relationships. Based on what you read in this lesson, you should:

  • Establish secure bonds with children in your care.
  • Observe children for signs of child abuse or neglect (as described in the Child Abuse and Neglect Identification and Reporting course).
  • Identify the resources available for families. Talk to your trainer, coach or family child care administrator to learn more.

Completing this Course

For more information on what to expect in this course, the Child Abuse: Prevention Competency Reflection, and a list of the accompanying Learn, Explore and Apply resources and activities offered throughout the lessons, visit the Family Child Care Child Abuse: Prevention Course Guide.

Please note the References & Resources section at the end of each lesson outlines reference sources and resources to find additional information on the topics covered. As you complete lessons, you are not expected to review all the online references available. However, you are welcome to explore the resources further if you have interest, or at the request of your trainer, coach, or administrator.

Explore

Think about the protective factors that you learned about in this lesson. What do you think a program looks like that embraces these protective factors? Read and review the Building a Safe Place for Children activity below. In the space provided in the attachment, describe what you think a program looks like that promotes these factors. Use words, pictures, art, or other means to represent your ideas. If you need additional space, you can use your own materials. Share your ideas with your trainer, coach or family child care administrator.

Apply

To learn more about the Protective Factors Framework, read and review the Strengthening Families brochure. This resource describes each of the protective factors in depth. Think about how these protective factors apply to families and yourself.

Glossary

Protective factors:
Conditions or attributes in individuals, families, or communities that promote health and well-being

Demonstrate

Shelby, a mother of a preschooler and 6-month-old twins in your program, seems to always have a smile on her face. Some days, it’s difficult just to get the boys dressed and in the car, but Shelby always seems to bounce back from every challenge. This is an example of which protective factor?
Mel lost her job at the local restaurant. Although her husband works full time, they need her income to pay the bills and feed the family. Mel goes to a local employment office and talks to a counselor about ways to improve her resume and interviewing skills. An advocate there also helps her apply for assistance with the family’s utility bills. This is an example of which protective factor?
Desmond is a single dad. He serves in the military and is stationed far from his extended family. He participates in all the family events that his family child care provider offers and often gets together for play dates with other families from the program on Saturdays. When Desmond needs to work late or go out of town, he has a close group of neighbors who care for his daughters. This best describes which protective factor?
Your program offers a small family resource area. It is in a part of the living room where families can gather, talk, and look at books or pamphlets. Information about the curriculum and child development are provided. Posters and brochures for community agencies and help lines are available. Which protective factors is your program supporting? Choose the best answer.
True or false? Protective factors do not apply to my own life and my family. They are only something I help families in our program promote.
References & Resources

Center for the Study of Social Policy. (2018). Strengthening Families: A Protective Factors Framework. https://cssp.org/our-work/projects/protective-factors-framework/

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2016). Violence Prevention. http://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/

Child Welfare Information Gateway. (2016). Definitions of child abuse and neglect. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Children's Bureau. https://www.childwelfare.gov/pubPDFs/define.pdf

Military One Source. (n.d.). The Family Advocacy Program. http://www.militaryonesource.mil/abuse/service-providers

Prevent Child Abuse America (Ed.). (n.d.). Knowing the Protective Factors. Retrieved March 14, 2021, from https://preventchildabuse.org/resources/knowing-protective-factors/

Seibel, N. L., Britt, D., Gillespie, L. G., & Parlakian, R. (2006). Preventing Child Abuse and Neglect. Washington, DC: Zero to Three: Center for Infants, Toddlers and Families.

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Children’s Bureau. (2020). Child maltreatment. https://www.acf.hhs.gov/cb/research-data-technology/statistics-research/child-maltreatment

ZERO TO THREE: Center for Infants, Toddlers and Families. (n.d.). Child Abuse and Neglect. https://www.zerotothree.org/resources/91-the-prevalence-of-child-abuse-and-neglect